JAMA. At the Linus Pauling Institute, we have based our vitamin C recommendations on the current body of scientific evidence, which is significantly greater than it was at Pauling's time but remains incomplete owing to the many diverse functions of vitamin C in the human body that have yet to be fully understood. Linus Pauling Institute J Am Coll Nutr. 2011;162(2):246-253. (PubMed), 179. Bowman GL, Dodge H, Frei B, et al. *Monooxygenases catalyze the hydroxylation of one substrate, whereas dioxygenases catalyze a reaction that couples the hydroxylation of a specific substrate with the conversion (decarboxylation) of -ketoglutarate into succinate. One small placebo-controlled, cross-over trial in 11 men showed that the oral administration of 4 g of vitamin C resulted in a greater vitamin C concentration in plasma over a four-hour period when vitamin C was encapsulated in liposomes compared to unencapsulated vitamin C (190). Abam E, Okediran BS, Odukoya OO, Adamson I, Ademuyiwa O. Large doses of vitamin C may block the action of warfarin and thus lower its effectiveness. Does vitamin C act as a pro-oxidant under physiological conditions? Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol. These products are all Lp (a) binding inhibitors. 2008;15(1):26-34. The dietary fructose: vitamin C intake ratio is associated with hyperuricemia in African-American adults. Vitamin C also participates in redox recycling of other important antioxidants; for example, vitamin C is known to regenerate vitamin E from its oxidized form (see the article on Vitamin E). An analysis that combined data from three, large, independent prospective cohorts, (1) Nurses Health Study 1 (NHS1; 88,540 women, median age 49 years); (2) Nurses Health Study 2 (NHS2; 97,315 women, median age 36 years); and (3) Health Professionals Follow-up Study (HPFS; 37,375 men, median age 52 years), found no association between the level of vitamin C intake and risk of developing hypertension (40). Pauling, two-time Nobel laureate and the world's foremost vitamin C proponent, entertained an overflow crowd in the Bldg. 2005;102(38):13604-13609. It is not intended as nutritional or medical advice for individual problems. 2001;21(3):235-237. Pocobelli G, Peters U, Kristal AR, White E. Use of supplements of multivitamins, vitamin C, and vitamin E in relation to mortality. (PubMed), 206. Two large prospective cohort studies assessed the relationship between dietary and supplemental vitamin C intakes and mortality. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). The distribution of ascorbic acid between various cellular components of blood, in normal individuals, and its relation to the plasma concentration. (PubMed), 100. If you suffer from an acute deficiency of ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) and other nutrients, your body stops producing collagen. (PubMed), 18. 2017;9(11). Fritz H, Flower G, Weeks L, et al. A new recommended dietary allowance of vitamin C for healthy young women. Banerjee S, Hawksby C, Miller S, Dahill S, Beattie AD, McColl KE. Dixit S, Bernardo A, Walker JM, et al. 2008;19(11):1969-1974. However, a reduction in blood vitamin C concentrations with these drugs has not been reported in humans (200). These enzymes contribute to the epigenetic regulation of gene expression by catalyzing reactions involved in the demethylation of DNA and histones. The protocol also limited microvascular dysfunction (i.e., improved microcirculatory perfusion) and improved left ventricular ejection fraction at discharge (on day 84) (138, 139). Phase I clinical trial to evaluate the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of high-dose intravenous ascorbic acid in patients with advanced cancer. (PubMed), 70. Thomas LD, Elinder CG, Tiselius HG, Wolk A, Akesson A. Ascorbic acid supplements and kidney stone incidence among men: a prospective study. Department of Pathology & Biomedical Science Limitations inherent to dietary assessment methodology, such as recall bias, measurement error, and residual confounding, may account for some of the inconsistent associations between vitamin C intake and CHD risk. San Francisco: W.H. 2013;2(6):e000329. They should instead seek or continue treatment with anti-hypertensive medication and make dietary and lifestyle changes in consultation with their health care provider. (PubMed), 91. Natural and synthetic L-ascorbic acid are chemically identical and there are no known differences regarding biological activities or bioavailability(186). In the US, Alzheimers disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia, affecting 5.5 million individuals 65 years and over (97). (PubMed), 11. Early symptoms of scurvy like fatigue may result from diminished levels of carnitine, which is needed to derive energy from fat, or from decreased synthesis of the catecholamine norepinephrine (see Function). Linus Pauling recommended at least 3000mg of vitamin C per day as a preventive dose, and significantly higher levels of both vitamin C and lysine for the treatment of existing heart disease. (PubMed), 107. Relation between plasma ascorbic acid and mortality in men and women in EPIC-Norfolk prospective study: a prospective population study. Pastor-Valero M. Fruit and vegetable intake and vitamins C and E are associated with a reduced prevalence of cataract in a Spanish Mediterranean population. If there is inadequate Vitamin C, the next best way to repair your arterial injuries is make a Lp(a) plaque to cover the injury. 2013;65(6):1636-1642. Also after Pauling passed, Life Extension reported on Japanese research showing that vitamin K has hormone-like properties, which help move calcium from soft tissue into bones. Linus Pauling's Recommendations for Vitamin C and Lysine - The Ezekiel Diet Files Linus Pauling's Recommendations for Vitamin C and Lysine by EzekielDiet.com Posted on Sep 22, 2021 Pauling's Vitamin C and Lysine dosage recommendations from his Unified Theory Lecture on Heart Disease. Lp(a) is a substitute for ascorbate (Vitamin C). Basili S, Tanzilli G, Mangieri E, et al. Many prospective cohort studies have examined the relationship between vitamin C intake from diet and supplements and CHD risk, the results of which have been pooled and analyzed in two separate analyses (46, 47). (PubMed), 69. Pauling Therapy Store - Inteligent*Vitamin*C Cochrane Database Syst Rev. Good quality long-term trials are needed to examine whether the anti-hypertensive effect of vitamin C is sustained over time and eventually results in a reduced risk of cardiovascular events. (PubMed), 47. Effect of Helicobacter pylori and its eradication on gastric juice ascorbic acid. Khaw KT, Bingham S, Welch A, et al. 2003;410(1):112-120. Higher plasma concentrations achieved via intravenous vitamin C administration are comparable to those that are toxic to cancer cells in culture. 2010;341:c4229. A meta-analysis of 36 studies on the relationship between vitamin C intake and plasma concentrations found that the elderly require a substantially higher daily intake of vitamin C to attain plasma concentrations that younger adults achieve at a lower intake. A 2014 meta-analysis of 44 randomized controlled trials in subjects with or without chronic diseases summarized the effect of supplemental vitamin C on endothelial function by measuring FMD (19 studies), assessing forearm blood flow (20 studies), or by pulse wave analysis (5 trials) (39). 2010;29(3):215-217. (PubMed), 166. Tsugane S, Sasazuki S. Diet and the risk of gastric cancer: review of epidemiological evidence. (PubMed), 130. Abnormal growth and development have been observed in infants of women exposed to lead during pregnancy, while children who are chronically exposed to lead are more likely to develop learning disabilities, behavioral problems, and to have a low IQ. Vitamin C is required to strengthen arteries so that the body does not try to patch arteries with "plaster casts" (atherosclerosis). 195. Simvastatin and niacin, antioxidant vitamins, or the combination for the prevention of coronary disease. After a mean follow-up of 12.8 years, plasma vitamin C was inversely associated with incident cases of heart failure. 2001 SCCM/ESICM/ACCP/ATS/SIS International Sepsis Definitions Conference. 32. Matsuzawa Y, Kwon TG, Lennon RJ, Lerman LO, Lerman A. Prognostic value of flow-mediated vasodilation in brachial artery and fingertip artery for cardiovascular events: a systematic review and meta-analysis. (PubMed), 119. Thompson CA, Cerhan JR. Fruit and vegetable intake and survival from non-Hodgkin lymphoma: does an apple a day keep the doctor away? Thus, in vitro vitamin C sensitivity assays may provide predictive value for the clinical response to intravenous vitamin C treatment. In addition, vitamin C may bind aluminum in the gut and increase the absorption of aluminum-containing compounds (e.g., aluminum-containing antacids, aluminum-containing phosphate binders). Although only a minority of trials delivered vitamin C intravenously, this administration route appeared to be more effective at reducing the risk of atrial fibrillationpresumably due to higher plasma concentrations achieved (140). We have long recommended vitamin K be added to Pauling's basic vitamin C and lysine protocol for this reason. Linus Pauling Institute Zabet MH, Mohammadi M, Ramezani M, Khalili H. Effect of high-dose Ascorbic acid on vasopressor's requirement in septic shock. 2017;21(1):300. Alexander J. Michels, Ph.D. Ascorbate increases human oxaluria and kidney stone risk. Cancer Causes Control. J Am Soc Nephrol. Natural Medicines. Linus Pauling Institute Linus Pauling's specific therapy for cardiovascular and heart diseases are high dosages of two essential nutrients; vitamin C and the amino acid lysine . These contradictory findings indicate that further research is needed on potential interactions between antioxidant supplements and cholesterol-lowering drugs, such as HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins). 2013;22(12):2202-2211. 2010;21(11):1745-1757. The information is made available with the understanding that the author and publisher are not providing medical, psychological, or nutritional counseling services on this site. Studies in the 1970s and 1980s conducted by Linus Pauling, Ewan Cameron, and colleagues suggested that large doses of vitamin C (10 g/day infused intravenously for 10 days followed by at least 10 g/day orally indefinitely) were helpful in increasing the survival time and improving the quality of life of terminal cancer patients (158). When the results of the Womens Antioxidant Vitamin Estrogen (WAVE) trial were reanalyzed based on Hp genotype, antioxidant therapy (1,000 mg/day of vitamin C + 800 IU/day of vitamin E) was associated with improvement of coronary atherosclerosis in diabetic women with Hp1-1 genotype but worsening of coronary atherosclerosis in those carrying the Hp2-2 genotype (148). 2008;105(32):11105-11109. Calcium in this form appears to be reasonably well absorbed. 6 Kennes B, Dumont I, Brohee D, Hubert C, Neve P. Effect of vitamin C supplements on cell-mediated immunity in old people. Moran JP, Cohen L, Greene JM, et al. Vitamin C in plasma is inversely related to blood pressure and change in blood pressure during the previous year in young Black and White women. The effect of vitamin therapy on the progression of coronary artery atherosclerosis varies by haptoglobin type in postmenopausal women. Simon JA, Hudes ES. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. (PubMed), 153. Linus Pauling is a hard guy to argue with. (PubMed), 101. Plasma and dietary vitamin C levels and risk of gastric cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC-EURGAST). Shock. Neutrophils, mononuclear phagocytes, and lymphocytes accumulate vitamin C to high concentrations, which can protect these cell types from oxidative damage(12-14). (PubMed), 176. A 2018 meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials investigating the effect of antioxidant vitamin supplementation in patients with type 2 diabetes found that most improvement in markers of oxidative stress and blood glucose control could be attributed to vitamin E(145). 16. Adults. (PubMed), 171. Klingelhoeffer C, Kammerer U, Koospal M, et al. The Linus Pauling Institute's Micronutrient Information Center provides scientific information on the health aspects of dietary factors and supplements, food, and beverages for the general public. You may not copy, modify, distribute, display, transmit, perform, publish or sell any of the copyrightable material on this website.